What Is Goji Juice?

Goji (Lycium barbarum - Latin).
Through the ages, legends abound about this miraculous fruit, the goji berry. There are festivals held to celebrate its goodness, and a poem was written in its honor.
During the Tang Dynasty (around 800 AD), a well had been dug beside a wall near a famous Buddhist temple that was covered with goji vines. Over the years, countless berries had fallen into the well. Those who prayed there had the ruddy complexion of good health, and even at the age of eighty they had no white hair and had lost no teeth, simply because they drank the water from the well.
It is said that the Himalayans were the first natural healers, and that they shared their wisdom with the ancient herbalists of China, Tibet, and India. One of their most prized secrets was the fruit of the native goji vine, which had been flourishing in the Himalayan valleys since the beginning of time. Those who came there to learn took the goji home with them and planted it in their own valleys, thus spreading the legend of this most marvelous and healthful fruit.
The people of Central Asia who love and cherish these goji berries so much that they devote two weeks every year to festivals in their honor.
Scientists realized four primary bioactive polysaccharides were discovered in Lycium barbarum. They named them Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP).
Research suggests that goji's unique polysaccharides control and command many of the body's most important biochemical defense systems.
Since its discovery in the Himalayas, those who know of the remarkable goji berry are awed by its unmatched health-promoting powers.
Scientific research from major universities around the world has validated the remarkable health benefits of the goji berry claimed by the Himalayan Healers thousands of years ago. Over 50 studies have already been published in prestigious health journals, including:
British Journal of Nutrition, International Immunopharmacology, Journal of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Journal of Ethno pharmacology China Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chinese Herb News Magazine Research Communications Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology Chinese Patent Herbs, Chinese Herbs, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Chinese Oncology Magazine, Hygiene Research, Physiology Academic Journal Chinese Stomatology, And Many More...
This tiny fruit revealed itself to be quite possibly the most nutritionally dense food on earth!

Visit http://www.best-goji-juice.com for more information.
Lori Matthews does research and studies subjects as fitness, nutrition and health for people as well as pets.

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Sexual Dysfunction - Medicalization of Sexuality

The recent developments in "sexual pharmacology" only reinforced some to warn us about the medicalization of sexual dysfunction and human sexuality in general. We believe that the treatment of sexual dysfunctions/disorders belongs to the realm of medicine. However, we also believe that the "sexual pharmacology" and total medicalization of sexuality does not provide the best understanding of the complexities of human sexuality and is not always in the best interest of our patients.
Bancroft among others cautions just about a few important issues connected to medicalization of human sexuality. He points out that male sexuality has been medicalized for most of the 20th century, and that medical profession has paid more attention to female sexuality lately (interestingly, this increased interest seems to parallel with the increased interest of the pharmaceutical industry in female sexuality).
Bancroft points out that the interface between psychological processes and physiological response, especially in women, is not well understood. He discusses the numerous male-female differences in sexuality. He also asks, "when is a sexual problem a sexual dysfunction," as many times impaired sexual interest or response in women is psychologically understandable and thus rather an adaptive response to a problem in the sexual relationship rather than sexual dysfunction.
Medicalization of sexual dysfunction and human sexuality has been beneficial to some extent in expanding part of our understanding of human sexuality and its impairment(s), and in expanding our treatment armamentarium. However, it also poses dangers in a form of trivialization of human sexuality and secondary suppression of exploring other avenues of our understanding of human sexuality.
Conclusion
From the discussion of the history of the field, the evolution of nomenclature, and emerging data on epidemiology, it is clear that this is a field in rapid evolution. Most of the impetus for this change came from the discovery of effective oral therapies for male sexual disorder and the subsequent search for similar therapies for women. This has contributed to better studies of the epidemiology of these disorders and to debates about the proper nomenclature. In addition, clinicians have begun trying to find which psychological, pharmacological, or combined approach is most suited to treat these disorders.
The purpose of this book was to assemble experts in treatment of each disorder into one text so that this text could serve as a treatment guide for students and practicing clinicians. Ultimately, we hope that those who will benefit the most are our patients. Patient sexual satisfaction may be associated with many health factors, including a reduced risk for subsequent new severe disabilities.

About The Author
David Crawford is the CEO and owner of a penis extenders company known as Male Enhancement Group which is dedicated to researching and comparing male enhancement products in order to determine which male enhancement product is safer and more effective than other products on the market. Copyright 2010 David Crawford of erectile problems in men This article may be freely distributed if this resource box stays attached.

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Are You Out of Balance?

Has this ever happened to you? You feel frazzled, have difficulty concentrating, sleeping and "getting your life together". You feel like a "walking dead". You have been told that your problems are stress related, but you are not sure why you are stressed. All the medication that you are taking is not working. Well it is possible that your problems are a result of unbalanced energies.
I frequently see patients who have symptoms which somehow do not appear to "add up" to a definite diagnosis. Many times they have an imbalance in their energies.
Eastern philosophy is based on the premise that all life occurs within the circle of nature. All things within this matrix are connected. They are mutually dependent on each other. The source of all things is the tao, with complementary aspects: yin and yang. It is the play between yin and yang, which creates ki (chi)energy. Nature is in constant motion. When the elements of nature are in balance, life is harmonic and flourishes. When the balance of polar forces is upset, disaster looms.
The course of our everyday lives require that we balance the yin(the interior process of nurturing the self) with the yang (the exterior work of the world). Our activity in the world is necessary for our productivity. As the day draws to a close we retreat from the business of the day to rest, relax and sleep in order to replenish our store of chi for the day that follows.
Modern life is filled with constant, often frenetic activity. We are often so consumed with productivity that we neglect giving time for the self to be replenished. To over exercise, overwork or over party is to overindulge in yang, which leads to burnout of yin. The fact is that the body cannot tolerate for long, consuming more than is replaced. Some of the consequences of this imbalance may be problems with the muscles, bones, joints, heart or kidneys; other consequences can be as serious as a heart attack.
On the other hand to be preoccupied with matters of internal health could mean an overemphasis on the yin phase. An analogy is that of an avid collector who keeps acquiring so many objects that have potential value, that he has no energy to put his hidden treasures to use in a productive manner. So in this case the yin is protected but the yang is without life.
Webster's New World Dictionary describes balance as "a state of equilibrium or equipoise; equality in amount, weight, value or importance as between two things or the parts of a thing; mental or emotional stability". Ms. Donna Brown, a Reiki Master/energy practitioner who practices in Jamaica, states that "balance pertains to optimum health within our life cycle. For instance one cycle can be the career, another home and family." The challenge is to balance body, mind and spirit within that life cycle focus. We need to remember that life is not static and our focus changes as we grow.
We are rarely balanced in everything at the same time. The importance of balance is that it keeps body systems in optimum working order. The body was created for balance.
We need to pay attention to what helps keep us in balance, especially in these times of pollution, high stress living and immune system breakdown. I recommend a wholistic approach for achieving balance.
SPIRITUAL FOCUS
It is important that we understand and accept the mind body spirit connection. We tend to underestimate our individual power to heal. We are composed of trillions of cells which are imprinted with divine intelligence and wisdom. We need to frequently and regularly connect with our divine source through prayer, meditation and quiet contemplation.
EXERCISE
The following are some practical tips to incorporate regular exercise into a busy schedule.
• Include exercise in activities of daily - this includes vigorous housework. Walk vigorously for at least twenty minutes, three times each week; while doing this swing the arms and legs. There are numerous video tapes and television programmes which are made for guiding viewers with specific exercises.
• If one is sitting at a desk for long hours, stretch every couple of hours and walk around every two to four hours. If you have been cooped up in your office, go outside, stand in the sun and inhale fresh air.
• Walk instead of driving
• Use the stairs instead of the elevator
ENERGY BALANCE
There are a number of universal energy healing modalities, including Bowen technique, Reiki, Quantum touch and emotional freedom technique (EFT).
Energies can also be balanced through deep breathing exercises, meditation
and living simply by un-cluttering the mind.
Ms. Donna Brown has provided this simple exercise designed to relieve stress
1. deep breathe in through the nostrils and out through the mouth (as if blowing through a straw)
2. lightly place the fingertips of both hands on the forehead covering the "Oh my God" points. Place the thumbs on the temples next to the eyes. Breathe deeply. Relax and remove the hands. Repeat as necessary.
NUTRITION
We must not underestimate the importance of good nutrition. This is essential to balance. Food can have a profound effect on the functioning of the body. If you are experiencing prolonged stress, you are at risk of developing heart disease, cancer, infections, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that adequate nutrition can help to prevent or minimize the effects of these diseases.
The solution to this problem is to elevate the quality of the food we consume - that means that we need to limit the anti- nutrients in the diet - These include poor quality fats, poor quality white flour, poor quality sugar, poor quality dairy and poor quality meats.
So practically how can we achieve balance in our lives? This can be done by the use of nutrition, supplements, herbs, physical exercise, magnetic therapy, aromatherapy massage, energy balancing, mental discipline and modification of life style habits. These forms of therapy can reestablish the rhythmic swing of the Yin- Yang pendulum.

DR. JACQUELINE E. CAMPBELL B.Sc. (Hons) M.Phil. (Pharmacology) M.B., B.S.
Dr. Jacqueline Elaine Campbell is a family physician whose special interests are Pharmacology, and the use of Alternative/Complementary Medicine in the treatment of diabetes and other diseases that are common in Jamaica.
She is the author of A Patient's Guide to the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
http://www.6westmedical.com

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What to Do When a Cold Strikes

A patient recently complained that she thought her body had let her down because "I'm always boosting my immune system with supplements". She further informed me that like many women who were busy juggling careers, children and home life, she was too busy to get a cold. I reminded her that there is a reason why it's called the common cold. It is the most common illness known. A cold is a leading cause of doctor visits and missed days from school and work. Women tend to get more colds than men. The reason for this is that women spend more time with children - whether at home or at work. Children catch colds easily and so if you are frequently around children, your chances of catching a cold will increase significantly.
The first step in fighting a cold is to make sure that you do have one. Many persons confuse the common cold with the flu. The common cold is a viral infection of the upper-respiratory tract that attacks the nose and nasal passages. Some of the symptoms include - sneezing, itchy throat, runny and stuffy nostrils. If you develop a persistent fever, hacking cough or a rash, you may have a more serious viral infection. Since the common cold is a viral infection, antibiotics, which fight bacterial infections, will not help in its treatment.
To shorten the life of a cold why not try the following?
1. Stay hydrated-drink a lot of water - coconut water and fresh fruit juice as these may help loosen and clear out mucous, soothe a sore throat, and replace fluid lost due to a fever or runny nose. The heat from soups, green and other herbal teas also help fight off the infection and relieve congestion. A favourite home decongestion remedy is drinking hot ginger tea with lime or lemon and honey.
Cold viruses thrive in cold, dry environments. By staying warm and raising humidity levels you can help to keep cold viruses at bay. This can be done by using a humidifier. Nasal passages can be cleared with the use of a neti pot and/or menthol inhalations.
2. Rest and relax - When the body is relaxed there is an increase in the production of interleukins, substances produced by the immune system to help it fight infections.
3. To treat a sore throat - gargle with warm salt water or use a mouthwash of sage tea or extract in water. Drinking licorice root tea is also good for sore throat and coughs. If this tastes too "strong" for you, add some peppermint. Slippery elm bark tea helps to soothe a sore throat because it contains mucilage, a gelatinous substance that coats the throat and reduces irritation.
4. For congestion - try the wet sock treatment as recommended by the physicians at Bastyr Center for Natural Health in the USA. In the evening before going to bed, warm your feet in a basin of hot water (be careful!); meanwhile soak a pair of thin cotton socks in ice cold water. Take your feet out of the hot water, put on the cold socks and then layer on a pair of thick, dry wool socks. Keep the socks on overnight.
Dr. Jamey Wallace, clinic medical director at Bastyr Center for Natural Health states that this treatment, known as a heating compress, rallies the body's natural defenses. "The body reacts to the cold socks by increasing blood circulation, which also stimulates the immune system. You have to 'rev up' the immune system, so it's ready for battle against the affliction or condition." People with chronic illnesses should consult with a doctor before starting this treatment.
5. If you blow your nostrils too much - chances are that you will develop a chafed nose. Apply a small amount of aloe vera gel to the irritated areas. If you are lucky and have an aloe plant in your backyard, slit open a leaf, scoop out the gel and apply it to the irritated areas. Failing that, aloe gel can be purchased at the health food stores.
6. Boost your immune system with supportive supplements - These include:
• The anti-oxidants-Vitamins A,C E and the mineral selenium. I routinely recommend that my patients who are fighting a cold or flu, take at least 4000mg of Vitamin C daily. These amounts are usually tolerated by most people but may cause diarrhoea in others.
• Rosmarinic acid - found in rosemary, sage, mint, and perilla leaf.
• Echinacea - some studies have shown it may shorten the duration of a cold in adults if taken at the onset of the illness. It should be taken for a total of seven to ten days.
• Zinc lozenges -taken at the onset of a cold may shorten the illness.
• Garlic supports healthy immune function while exerting antiviral effects. My grandmother used to make garlic and onion cough syrup for me when I had a cold. She always had a peg of garlic in her mouth and my mother says that she as far as she can remember, her mother had never had a cold or flu.
7. Eat healthily - make sure that your diet is full of fresh vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds.
While you are ill try to avoid dairy products, fried and sugary foods, alcohol and smoking. Alcohol suppresses the immune system making it difficult for the body to rid itself of the cold virus. Smoking irritates the throat and interferes with the cilia, microscopic "fingers", that remove viruses and bacteria from your throat.
If your "cold" symptoms persist or worsen, please seek medical attention

DR. JACQUELINE E. CAMPBELL B.Sc. (Hons) M.Phil. (Pharmacology) M.B., B.S.
Dr. Jacqueline Elaine Campbell is a family physician whose special interests are Pharmacology, and the use of Alternative/Complementary Medicine in the treatment of diabetes and other diseases that are common in Jamaica.
She is the author of A Patient's Guide to the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.
http://www.6westmedical.com

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What Classes Do You Take When Studying in a RN Program?

The demand for nurses has reached its peak in the past few years. With the advent of modern technology and aging population the shortage of nurses are expected to rise even higher.
A registered nurse program includes various subjects in nursing. You will have to study different topics and get a bird's eye view on the different area of specialization of nursing. You will also be exposed in clinical settings where you can apply what you have learned in the classroom.
To become a Registered Nurse you must study these following courses:
1. Maternity Nursing Course
Maternity Nursing courses teach nursing students how to care of pregnant mothers, newborns and their family. Students are taught of the various risks during pregnancy and the nursing care you need to provide. Areas that are taught include care for the pregnant mother from pregnancy to childbirth, reproductive health and women's health.
2. Medical-Surgical Nursing Course
In this course students learn how to take care of patients with disorders on various body systems including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, integumentary, neurological, GI and GUT systems. Caring for pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative patients are also taught.
3. Health Promotion Course
Health promotion and wellness has become very trendy these days. As a student nurse you must know the information you need to provide patients to promote healthier living. Nutrition and disease prevention are some subjects that you study here. It also teaches specialized care by groups like children, elderly, adults and permanently disabled.
4. Nursing Pharmacology Course
Registered nurses may not be the ones prescribing the medications but they spend a lot of time administering them. As nursing students pharmacology is for them to know various drugs, their classification, how they work and how to administer them.
5. Mental Health Nursing Course
Nursing students learn about the different psychological disorders and the treatment they need. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment plans. Nursing students learn the different settings of care for patients with psychological disorders like community care centers, mental health units and hospitals.
6. Nursing Management Course
As registered nurses there are medical staffs that you need to supervise. This subject will help shape nursing students to become leaders and managers. Nursing students are taught how and when to delegate work and help them develop leadership skills. Organizational structures, budgeting, staffing and other leadership roles are tackled in this subject.
In addition to classroom courses, student nurses are exposed to clinical setting. They are required to have skills in leadership, communication, assessment skills, communicable diseases and administering medications.
After getting an associate's degree in nursing you need to take a test to become a registered nurse. The test may differ in every area but you need to take it if you want to become a professional nurse.

Find out more about RN programs in Nursing Classes.

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Back and Joint Pain-New Relief Through Lipoxygenase Inhibition With Natural Supplements

Lipoxygenase Inhibition: A Missed opportunity for controlling pain and inflammation
Are we only "half treating" our back and joint pains?
Back and joint pains are among the top reasons for visits to the doctor. Yet complete resolution of the complaint is often slow in coming or never completely resolved. Why?
There are 2 major physiologic pathways leading to inflammatory and pain responses: the cyclooxygenase (COX) mediated and the lipoxygenase (5-LO) dependent one. While the former is widely known, and inhibited by the well popularized NSAID's (like Celebrex, Vioxx(!)), etc, the second one is virtually ignored in the current management of pain syndromes. Principal cause for this is the failure of major drug companies to develop synthetic drugs that can inhibit the 5-LO and its downstream metabolites, the all important leukotrienes. To make up for the failure to deal with the 5-LO, pharmaceutical solutions like corticosteroids are usually put in place - with their well known side effects.
The bottom line is that when only one of two pathways to pain is addressed the patient is only "half treated" and half satisfied.
Lipoxygenase and pain
The 5-LO enzyme works to produce the "misery" of the leukotrienes.1 They are abundantly involved in over 35 chronic conditions including: asthma, allergies, colitis, arthritis, gastric disorders (promote ulcer formation, stimulate acid secretion, etc), scleroderma, neurological diseases, and so on. 2
More recently the involvement of the leukotrienes in pain syndromes has become clear from a multitude of studies. 1
5-LO and leukotriene B4 are involved in orofacial pain perception and mechanical and thermal sensitivity.3-7
Postoperative incision pain in animal models could be considerably reduced using experimental 5-LO inhibitors.8
The beneficial effects of 5-LO inhibition were demonstrated in the reduction of inflammatory events accompanying experimental spinal cord injury. 9
Several studies have identified inflammatory mediators in disk herniation, such as leukotrienes. Cytokines occurring in degenerated facets have been shown to contribute to the pain of degenerative lumbar disorders. 10, 11
5-LO has been shown to be involved in both pain modulation and induction of opioid tolerance at the spinal level. 12 5-LO metabolites are found in clinical cases of herniated nucleus pulposus and experimental data gathered in the study of associated radicular pain in animals demonstrated that 5-LO inhibition may prove to be beneficial in such conditions.13
Pharmacological inhibition of the 5-LO
While the market availability of COX inhibitors is widespread the opposite seems to be the case with pharmaceuticals in the lipoxygenase class direction. Partially this is not due to lack of trying. Promising experimental drugs had to be abandoned due to unacceptable side effects - death of animal subjects! Even those that made it to market carry warnings of hepatotoxicity (Zileuton) or have been associated with an increase in abnormal mental behavior (Singulair). On the other hand there is a persistent lack of research on the part of the pharmaceutical industry secondary to a tragic underestimation of the potential market size.
Financial disincentives explain the lack of studies of extracts of "natural" substances which are not easily patentable.
Advances in nutritional therapy with high concentration boswellia (frankincense) extracts
The premier 5-LO inhibitor is the natural, herbal ingredient AKBA, acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellia acid, the most active component of the frankincense, Boswellia serrata. Boswellia as such has been known for centuries to be a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Studies have proven its efficacy in arthritis, colitis, allergies and environmental sensitivities. 14-16
More recent studies have confirmed the analgesic properties of boswellia extracts, both as stand alone solutions as well as synergistic enhancers of pain relief when given in conjunction with COX inhibitors, opioids and other NSAID's. 17, 18
The success of boswellia extracts is all the more surprising since only poorly standardized products have been available on the general market. The component AKBA is recognized as the active anti- inflammatory principle in the boswellia and yet by far most of the formulas have only 1-3% AKBA concentration.
Fortunately high concentration boswellia extracts are now available with a concentration of over 90% AKBA! This leads to enhanced efficacy. There are a number of high quality boswellia products on the market. To get the best a careful reading of the supplement facts on the label is necessary.
If the label does not specifically state that the AKBA content is minimum 90% you are not getting the best quality possible.
With the right quality and dosage, however, either taken alone or together with other therapies symptom relief could be seen from this nutritional modality. Improvement in previously therapy resistant back or joint pain, prolonged "holding" of chiropractic adjustments and faster pain relief after injury has been routinely noted.
Safety and toxicology;
High concentration boswellia extracts are considered GRAS - generally regarded as safe. There are practically no side effects except for an occasional report of headache. There have not been any reports of the intestinal distress seen with other boswellia preparations.
Conclusion
High concentration boswellia extracts with 90% or more AKBA is highly beneficial for the treatment of pain syndromes ranging from back to joints and other damaged soft tissues. They can help in other organ and neurological pain conditions due to their anti- inflammatory properties. It can be given as a stand alone solution or in conjunction with other COX inhibitors. They are considered nutritional supplements and should be part of a general health maintenance.
(These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These ingredients are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Never start a new program without consulting a qualified heath care professional.)
References
1. Whitehouse MW, Rainsford KD. Lipoxygenase inhibition: The neglected frontier for regulating chronic inflammation and pain. Inflammopharmacology. 2006;14( 3-4):99-102. 2. Werz O, Steinhilber D. Pharmacological intervention with 5-lipoxygenase: New insights and novel compounds. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 2005;15( 5):505-519. 3. Aley KO, Levine JD. Contribution of 5- and 12-lipoxygenase products to mechanical hyperalgesia induced by prostaglandin E2 and epinephrine in the rat. Experimental Brain Research. 2003;148( 4):482-487. 4. Amann R, Schuligoi R, Lanz I, Peskar BA. Effect of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on nerve growth factor-induced thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996;306( 1-3):89-91. 5. Bisgaard H, Kristensen JK. Leukotriene B4 produces hyperalgesia in humans. Prostaglandins. 1985;30( 5):791-797. 6. Chichorro JG, Lorenzetti BB, Zampronio AR. Involvement of bradykinin, cytokines, sympathetic amines and prostaglandins in formalin-induced orofacial nociception in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2004;141( 7):1175-1184. 7. Martin HA. Leukotriene B4 induced decrease in mechanical and thermal thresholds of C-fiber mechanonociceptors in rat hairy skin. Brain Research. 1990;509( 2):273-279. 8. Gaspar AF, Prado WA. Comparison of pre- versus post-incision administration of intraplantar indomethacin and MK886 in a rat model of postoperative pain. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2007;40( 8):1141-1147. 9. Genovese T, Rossi A, Mazzon E, et al. Effects of zileuton and montelukast in mouse experimental spinal cord injury. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2008;153( 3):568-582. 10. Goupille P, Jayson MIV, Valat J-, Freemont AJ. The role of inflammation in disk herniation-associated radiculopathy. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1998;28( 1):60-71. 11. Igarashi A, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Olmarker K. Inflammatory cytokines released from the facet joint tissue in degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. Spine. 2004;29( 19):2091-2095. 12. Trang T, McNaull B, Quirion R, Jhamandas K. Involvement of spinal lipoxygenase metabolites in hyperalgesia and opioid tolerance. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2004;491( 1):21-30. 13. Singh VP, Patil CS, Kulkarni SK. Effect of licofelone against mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia in the rat model of incisional pain. Pharmacological Reports. 2005;57( 3):380-384. 14. Ammon HPT. Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Medica. 2006;72( 12):1100-1116. 15. Ammon HPT. Boswellic acids for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten. 2003;26( 9):309-315. 16. Poeckel D, Werz O. Boswellic acids: Biological actions and molecular targets. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2006;13( 28):3359-3369. 17. Bishnoi M, Patil CS, Kumar A, Kulkarni SK. Analgesic activity of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, a 5-lipoxygenase-enzyme inhibitor. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2005;37( 4):255-256. 18. Bishnoi M, Patil CS, Kumar A, Kulkarni SK. Protective effects of nimesulide (COX inhibitor), AKBA (5-LOX inhibitor), and their combination in aging-associated abnormalities in mice. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2005;27( 7):465-470.

Ross Rentea MD, Mark Kamsler MD
http://truebotanica.com

Pharmaceutical Education and Employment Opportunities Are on the Ascent

What are the usual professional responsibilities of pharmacists? Well, they dispense medicine prescribed by the physicians, in the first place. Also they are responsible to give the customers knowledgeable advice regarding the possible side effects and dosage of the medications to be administered. In case the patient should be made aware of the necessity to take certain precautions to be observed during the course of medications, a pharmacist is responsible for informing the patience about such precautions, if any are needed. Such are the most common responsibilities of pharmacists, as they are widely assumed by the general public. Still, as any licensed pharmacist can tell you, the responsibilities are not limited to those mentioned above. First of all, any licensed pharmacist is required to have a degree in pharmacology. Secondly, such specialist should be aware of the various medicines, their generic name, dosage and possible side effects. Besides the good professional understanding of the regulating legislature related to manufacture and sale of various medicines any good professional pharmacist must command sound understanding and knowledge of the composition of medicines. And that is not all, such issues as the right storage conditions for the medicines are of critical importance, since the efficiency of prescription medications during the period of their shelf life largely depends on the correctness of their storage conditions!
As you see, any licensed pharmacist has a long road of learning to go before been accepted as a fully-fledged and respected member of the pharmacists community! But the natural questions are "How good are the employment opportunities in the pharmaceutical industry today? But what do the forecasts for the near future hold in stock for pharmacists? Is it really worthwhile to invest time and hard-earned money into becoming a professional pharmacist?" All these question are quite justified, since nobody would like to send time and money down the drain, investing them into professional specialization that turns out to be without future.
Let us have a closer look at the present-day employment opportunities of freshly graduated pharmacists and the expectations for the near future.
As has been confirmed by the various reports of analytical agencies specializing in the job-market related issues, the pharmacist's specialization enjoys quite enviable demand. Traditionally, the most of the pharmacists still find employment with community pharmacies and drug stores, as they used to do over the decades. Well, that is no surprise, people got used to seen a pharmacists behind the counter of a drug-store or a pharmacy, handing out the prescription medicines as well as those that do not require prescription (they are justly referred to by the term of "over-the-counter" medicines). On the other hand, during the last decade the professional pharmacists have been in huge demand in public service and pharmaceutical industry. Hospitals, railways, large shopping centers and airports - they all look for good professionals in the field to fill in vacancies in their specialized their drug stores. Another interesting job opportunity for pharmacists could be found with medical drug information libraries and consulting, since the medical and nursing staffs are in need of information about new drugs - the industry of medications is constantly advancing, coming up each month and year with new generations of medications. Many specialists in pharmacology who graduated as pharmacists have developed successful and self-fulfilling careers, finding employment as tutors in colleges and universities. Others prefer to write or edit books of pharmacology, as well as reference guides - as you see, the employment and career opportunities in the pharmacology industry are in plenty!
What about the forecasts and expectations for the near future? The demand for professionals in the pharmacology in general and for the pharmacists in particular is expected only to grow considerably during the period through 2016 and beyond. The reasons for such forecasts are well-grounded. The population will continue growing in numbers - and the numbers of hospitals and other health care establishments are destined to grow accordingly, to accommodate the increasing demand. That means that more and more pharmacists will be required to fill in new outlets and positions - in traditional drug-stores, in hospitals and related job settings. Secondly, the number of senior citizens is also expected to grow considerably. Senior citizens of all the aged population groups are known to be the main consumers of prescription and "over-the-counter" drugs. As the result, the demand for specialists able to handle the growing demand on the part of the patients is guaranteed to increase over the practically foreseeable future period.
What are the usual education and certification requirements for those whishing to take up a career as pharmacists?
The educational and certification demands for pharmacists are very definite and strict. All persons, whishing to build a career of pharmacists are required to have a degree from a college (associate's, bachelor's or master's one), upon which they need to get licensed by the pertinent agency in order to start a professional career of a licensed pharmacist. Besides, the educational establishment they have gradated from should be accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education and Examinations. Such are the basic mandatory requirements for a professional licensed pharmacist, wishing to start up a successful career in the industry.
Besides the specific subjects, related to pharmacist's specialization, any accredited pharmacy degree program should usually include courses in mathematics, natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences.
As you see, the academic requirements for the pharmacology students are noticeably high. In order to insure the adequate level of academic excellence among their student the majority of the pharmacy colleges have introduced admission tests for aspiring students.
The students, whishing to continue education - as well as those who have already some experience in the professional field and are after the better career opportunities - are offered continuing education options, such as bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as doctorates in various specialized areas of pharmaceutical industries.
One of the good options for busy working professionals to continue education and get a higher academic degree in pharmacology would be to make use of modern means of distance education - the online pharmacy degree training schools and programs. Those online establishments - surely, we are speaking about the reputable and properly accredited courses, nothing like some shady "diploma mill" sites - have proved to be a good competition to the traditional, campus-based ones.
Another consideration to be given a serious attention and thought - as far as career advancement in pharmacology and pharmacy industry is concerned - is that your success would largely depend on the type of work you will be able to get and your business talents/skills/experience. As an illustration to this statement you could easily find online the career stories of success: for instance, people who worked for drugstore chains became top-managers. Pharmacists employed at various hospitals - general or specialized - got to be directors of pharmacy services. The government agencies and educational institutions also offer interesting and promising openings. Pharmacy degree specialist could also build excellent careers by taking up teaching or research, that all depends on your personal talents, individual inclinations, career objectives etc. Anyway, besides the required level of academic excellence, necessary for each specific position, any newly graduated pharmacist should realize that their jobs always require them to communicate and interact with people of different types. From this point of view good person-to-person communication skills would always be a great advantage, so take care to acquire them by all means!

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Nursing Care of the Premature Child

Any sudden changes in the infants condition which is urgent must be speedily reported.
The frequency and nature of bating is dependent on the condition of the child and policy of the institution. Ensure body temperature is kept stable e.g. using swaddling clothes, placing in a warmer or incubator.
Wash hands properly.
Clean eyes daily with cotton swabs soaked in warm sterile water using separate swabs for each eye, to prevent infection of the other eye.
Keep umbilical cord dry at all times.
Never work in a nursery while suffering from respiratory or skin infections.
Development of normal child:
1. An average new born weighs approximately 7.5 lbs or 3.5 kg.
2. The head circumference is approximately 13 inches.
3. Nails are soft and inclined to peel off
4. Eyes lack pigment
5. Infant is not yet sensitized to hot or cold as the regulation centre is not yet mature.
6. Respiratory rate is usually 30-40 breaths per minute, and is irregular in rhythm.
7. The child sleeps for long periods
Motor reflexes of a new born:
Sucking reflex: able to suck and chew.
Walking reflexes: able to walk in response to stimuli.
Rooting Reflex: touch cheek and the child turns it head towards the breast.
Babinski: on stroking the sole of the foot, the great toe bends upward instead or downward. Present in diseases or injury to upper motor neutron and in babies who have not walked.
Moro Reflex: React to loud noise or sudden movements.
Care of an ill child
1. Illness threatens the physical development of the children and their trust in others or adults.
2. It can cause pain, restriction of movements and long sleepless moments.
3. Parents fears are usually caused by lack of communication with their children
4. Children react to illness depending on their age, maturity and how accustomed they are to be left alone, as well as how prepared they are for medical or surgical interventions.

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Nursing Interventions in the Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder

Diagnosis Bipolar Disorder: "Bipolar disorder is a severe biologic illness characterized by recurrent fluctuations in mood. Typically, patients experience alternating episodes in which mood is abnormally elevated or abnormally depressed-separated by periods in which mood is relatively normal." (Lehne, 2004, p. 321)
The following is a short synopsis according to the DSM-IV-TR, "Criteria for Bipolar Disorder" includes a distinct period of abnormality and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least:
- 4 days for hypomania
- week for mania
During the period of mood disturbance, at least three or more of the following symptoms have persisted and have been present to a significant degree:
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences." (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000).
Psychodynamics of the Disease The onset of the disease usually occurs during late adolescence or in the mid twenties. However, the disease has been known to occur up into the fifth decade of life. The mood swings that accompany this disorder are of several types. They are as follows: the Pure Manic Episode, evidenced by hyperactivity, excessive enthusiasm, and flight of ideas, constant wakefulness without sleep,
Impairment in normal social functioning usually requiring hospitalization; Hypomanic Episode, evidenced by a milder form of the Pure Mania, without the loss of normal functioning that would require hospitalization; Major Depressive Episode, characterized by depressed mood consisting of symptoms such as anhedonia, avolition, alogia, affective flattening and thoughts of suicide and death; the last episode associated with Bipolar disorders is the Mixed Episode in which, "patients experience symptoms of mania and depression simultaneously. The combination of high energy and depression puts them at significant risk of suicide." (Lehne, 2004, p. 321)
Case Presentation
A Caucasian woman in her mid twenties presented signs and symptoms of self mutilation with a straight edge razor inflicted gash across her lower abdomen approximately six inches below the umbilicus. The depth of the gash just stopped at the abdominal fascia. The patient was sent from the emergency room to the psychiatric floor. Upon meeting the patient one day after her admission to E.R., she appeared dressed in pajama bottoms and a t-shirt, shuffling down the hall in her socks. She was holding her abdomen with one hand and appeared in some discomfort. Her black hair was short and disheveled. When the patient arrived at her room she sat down on her bed. She acknowledged with blunted affect that she cannot stop self mutilation, and described how she cut herself through the muscles in her abdomen almost down to the fascia. Her voice was tremulous and fast paced. This could be due to the fact that she had just been given her first dose of Clozaril. She stated that her mouth was dry and that she needed to drink some water. She then went on to say that she was getting very sleepy. The client felt comfortable with the interview.
She shared personal information in regards to being sexually abused by her bother beginning at the age of seven until the age of fifteen. Her brother was two years older than her and died in an automobile accident at the age of eighteen. She went on to say that her mother never knew or acknowledged the sexual abuse and that she could not tell her because the mother idolized the son. The client was receptive to cognitive reframing; however she was very critical of herself and stated that she felt worthless and ashamed. She appeared very tired and stated that she wanted to sleep.
Table 1
Textbook characteristics of Bipolar disorder versus client characteristics observed
Textbook Characteristics:
Pure Manic Episode
Hypomanic Episode
Major Depressive Episode-
Affective Flattening
Alogia
Avolition-apathy
Anhedonia
Mixed Episode
Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder- Patients experience four or Client
Characteristics Observed:
No current symptoms
Rapid breathing, rapid speech, however due to medication a client was concurrently exhibiting lethargy
Client acknowledged sadness/ worthlessness
Facial expression flat
Thoughts of dying, hard to focus
Hair/clothes unkempt
Expressed no interest in children or own
Client's Symptoms
1. Hypomania
2. Depression
a.) Affective Flattening
b.) Alogia
c.) Avolition & Apathy
d.) Anhedonia
3. Mixed Episode
4. Rapid Cycling
(Varcarolis, 2004, p. 485)
Nursing Interventions
1. Observe the client every 15 minutes while suicidal, remove all dangerous, sharp objects from room.
2. Reinforce that she is worth while,
a.) Assist the client in evaluating the positive as well as the negative aspects of her life
b.) Encourage the appropriate expression of angry feelings.
c.) Schedule regular periods of time throughout the day for recreational/occupational therapy, encourage client to groom self, offer praise for completing grooming.
d.) Ensure client's participation in taking mood stabilizing medications. Watch client swallow medication.
3. Engage client in interpersonal therapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy,
4. Encourage client to attend group therapy, and journal episodes.
Table 2
Medical Interventions, Bipolar Disorder
Drug therapy using
Mood stabilizer
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Education and Psychotherapy
ECT
(Varcarolis, 2002, p. 483)
Clients Medical Interventions
Drug therapy includes
Lithium 300mg every h.s.
Not taking any Clozaril
Client is receiving psychotherapy, family counseling, group therapy while in hospital, and cognitive restructuring.
None

References
Lehne, R. (2004). Pharmacology for Nursing Care. Missouri: Saunders
Varcarolis, E. (2002). Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: A Clinical Approach. Pennsylvania: Saunders
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The Stigma of Pharmacy Technician Training

This time can also be increased if the student decides to take up an externship.
With the many different schools, the classes will all be at least somewhat the same. Each school that participates has the curriculum of pharmacology, chemistry, medical terminology, drug reactions and pharmacy law. These are the most basic and there are many more that will help to further the education of the individual.
The pharmacology and chemistry classes are the most expressed classes of the curriculum. They are the most important classes for any person in pharmacology to know as they help to perform everyday functions of the job. Although there are other important classes these are the most important groundwork for technicians to have.
Attending an externship is a great way for any student to get a look at the career and to gain experience in the field. Students are placed into a job that will test their abilities and show whether or not the school has provided the greatest education that they can. It is also a great way to find out whether or not the student will like the pharmacology field.
Certification is a great way for those who have completed their education to gain an advantage over the competition. This can be performed by applying for certification in either of the two major boards and then taking a test to show that the student has learned all of the essential knowledge to practice the career.
Pharmacy technician training is one of the best ways to enter a great career field. The amount of jobs for anybody that is willing to take the time to undergo training is great. The stigma of going back to school can be a burden but after finally getting through school it will prove to be a great career option.

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New FDA Draft Guidance - Non Clinical Evaluation For Anticancer Pharmaceuticals

The FDA has produced some draft guidance aimed at establishing an internationally accepted objectives and / or recommendations on the design and conduct of nonclinical studies to support the development of anticancer pharmaceuticals in patients with advanced disease and limited therapeutic options.
Because malignant tumors are life-threatening, the death rate from these diseases is high, and existing therapies have limited effectiveness, it is desired to provide new effective anticancer drugs to patients more expeditiously. Nonclinical evaluations are intended to 1) identify the pharmacological properties of a pharmaceutical, 2) establish a safe initial dose and 3) understand the toxicological profile.
These new guidelines only apply to pharmaceuticals intended to treat cancer in patients with late stage or advanced disease regardless of the route of administration, including both small molecule and biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals.
Studies to support nonclinical evaluation
Pharmacology - prior to phase I studies, preliminary characterization of the mechanism(s) of action, resistance, and schedule dependencies as well as anti-tumour activity should have been made. appropriate models should be selected based on the target and mechanism of action but need not be studied using the same tumour types intended for clinical evaluation. these studies can provide proof of principle, guide schedules and dose escalation schemes, provide information for selected test species, and aid starting dose selection.
Safety Pharmacology - as assessment of vital organ function should be available before initiation of clinical studies. Stand alone safety pharmacology studies need not be conducted to support studies in pateiutne with late stage cancer or advanced disease.
Pharmacokinetics - the evaluation of limited kinetic parameters, e.g. peak plasma levels, AUC and half life in the animal species used for non-clinical studies can facilitate dose escalation during phase I.
General Toxicology - The primary objective of Phase I clinical trials in patients with cancer is to assess the safety of the pharmaceutical. This can include dosing to a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose limiting toxicity (DLT). Therefore, determination of a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or no effect level (NOEL) in the toxicology studies is not considered essential to support clinical use of an anticancer pharmaceutical. To support Phase I clinical trials at least one nonclinical study should incorporate a recovery period at the end of the study to assess for reversibility of toxicity findings or the potential that toxicity continues to progress after cessation of drug treatment. Toxicokinetic evaluation should be conducted as appropriate.
Reproduction Toxicology - These studies are not considered essential to support clinical trials intended for the treatment of patients with late stage or advanced cancer. These studies are also not considered essential for pharmaceuticals which target rapidly dividing cells in general toxicity studies or belong to a class which has been well characterized in causing developmental toxicity. Generally no fertility study is warranted to support the treatment of patients with late stage or advanced cancer. A peri- and postnatal toxicology study is generally not warranted to support the treatment of patients with late stage or advanced cancer.
Genotoxicity - Genotoxicity studies are not considered essential to support clinical trials for therapeutics intended to treat patients with late stage or advanced cancer.
Immunotoxcity - For anticancer pharmaceuticals the design components of the general toxicology studies are considered sufficient to evaluate immunotoxic potential and support marketing.
The guidelines go on to describe how you can use the pre-clinical data in designing you clinical trial: start dose for first administration in man, dose escalation and the highest dose in clinical trials. the guidelines also provide guidance on duration and schedule of toxicology studies to support initial clinical trials, the duration of toxicology studies to support continued clinical development and marketing, how to manage combination pharmaceuticals and Finlay the non clinical studies to support trials in pediatric populations. Other considerations addressed in the guidelines include conjugated agents, liposomal products, evaluation of drug metabolites, and evaluation of impurities.
Table - Example schedules for anticancer pharmaceuticals to support initial clinical trials. (reproduced from FDA guidelines S9)
If you would like more detail in this area please get in touch with Damien Bové damien.bove@idaconsultants.com
Damien Bové works as a drug development consultant (pharmaceutical or biotechnology) and regulatory consultant, we work with our clients to define a drug development target, define a drug development strategy, define a regulatory strategy or define a commercial strategy. Our clients are generally raising funds or looking to license out their technology and we help them achieve it. If you want to know more don't hesitate to get in touch.

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Damien has worked in the pharmaceutical industry for over 15 years, first as a pharmaceutical technician and than an academic research manager at SmithKline Beecham before completing his university education. Damien graduated from the University of Bradford School of Pharmacy in 2000, he also has a masters in the Frontiers of Medical Science, and has since pursued his carrier in the development of novel drug/biological product development.
Damien started his post-university carrier working at Covance, a global contract research organisation, Damien worked in the global consultancy division in the area of emergent product services, that specialised in defining markets and regulatory/development strategies for novel pharmaceutical and biotechnology product. In 2004 Damien became an independent consultant in this area and specialises in working with virtual and small drug development companies.
His work has seen him frequently present projects to the MHRA, EMEA and FDA, and prepare development programmes aimed at attracting investors. Damien has enjoyed significant success in helping companies raise finance, with a almost 100% success record in the companies he advises going on to raise the necessary finance to more their projects forwards.

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Forensic Toxicology Training

A forensic toxicologist is a person who helps men and women with legal cases and criminal cases. He does this by analyzing body tissues and body fluids. These professionals has to analyze a person's body in order to find out if that person has had drug interactions. In addition, they need to find out if the deceased person was involved in alcohol intoxication. Forensic toxicology can determine if a person has ingested poison, used illegal drugs, overdosed on prescription drugs, or if that person has had dangerous interactions before his or her death. This is the best way to determine if alcohol or drugs were a part of that person's death.

The Education to Become An F. T.
In order to become a professional, a person needs to have at least a bachelor's degree. In addition, a person needs to have some type of coursework in pharmacology. Many men and women who are interested start their careers in other fields. For example, one may go to college for pharmacology, medical chemistry, and clinical chemistry. Many forensic toxicologists have a master's degree or a doctorate degree in natural science before they begin their career.
The Certification
The American Board of Forensic Toxicology offers certification programs at different levels. The type of certification that a forensic toxicologist can receive normally depends on whether or not that person has an undergraduate degree or a graduate degree.
In order for a professional to receive the diplomate certification from the American Board of Forensic Toxicology, that he has to have a doctorate in natural science. However, the American Board of Forensic Toxicology states that a professional has to have a doctorate from a school that is a regionally accredited institution.
In order for a forensic toxicologist to receive a specialist certification from the American Board of Forensic Toxicology, the forensic toxicologist needs to have a bachelor's degree in a related field. As mentioned before this field can be in clinical chemistry, medical chemistry, or even pharmacology.
All men and women who wish to receive certification from the American Board of Forensic Toxicology need to have some type of education in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. In addition, the forensic toxicologist should have some type of professional work experience.
Becoming a forensic toxicologist takes a lot of work. Even after going to school and getting work experience, the person needs to complete exams in order to receive certification.

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Technical Writing - Regulatory Writing - A Lucrative Writing Niche For Medical Writers

Medical writing is a special subset of technical writing that requires familiarity with medical and pharmaceutical terminology. It is the perfect writing niche for writers with a medical, chemistry and/or pharmacology background.
And within the medical writing subset, regulatory writing is another specialty that pays very well since your employers are usually pharmaceutical companies that rarely have any cash problems.
Regulatory writers produce the documents to secure the approval of the government's regulatory agencies before a new drug can be marketed for general public use. In every country the respective regulatory agency differs but in the United States it is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
There are several types of specialized documents that you'd be asked to write as a regulatory writer. Here are the two most important of them all:
IND (Investigational New Drug Application). This document is prepared after the tests on laboratory animals are concluded and before the drug is considered to be ready for clinical trials on human subjects. The document must include complete data on the drug, including all its chemical and molecular properties. Plus, it also needs to include the results of the testing on lab animals. In the United States, a pharmaceutical company must have its IND approved by the FDA before proceeding any further. Sometimes the approval of a new drug can make or break a company. So you can imagine the importance of the IND document.
NDA (New Drug Application). This document reports the results of all clinical trials conducted on human subjects. NDA must be written in a tight logical style, presenting all the pharmacological, physiological and other pertinent data in a sequential manner to prove that the drug is safe and ready to be marketed for general public use. Since defective drugs can easily lead to class-action lawsuits, this is another document that should be prepared carefully, by regulatory writers who know how to ask the right questions to SMEs (Subject matter Experts) to make sure all possible questions are answered satisfactorily.
Regulatory writers prepare other important documents as well, like CTD (Common Technical Document) and MAA (Marketing Authorization Application).
If as a technical writer you have any leanings towards medicine, biomedicine, and pharmacology, I'd strongly encourage you to explore this lucrative niche for your future career.

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CNS Disorders - Preclinical Pharmacology Tests

Challenges In Developing CNS (Central Nervous System) Targeted Drugs
Drug discovery entails a process commencing from an idea to a product. This translational process is much more complex in developing technologies for the central nervous system. The complexity of central nervous system diseases, etiology, pathophysiology, disease-model limitations and target-organ exposure [the BBB], coupled with slow healing capacity, markedly adds to the list of developmental challenges.

The drug development process today aims to improve early attrition rates due to poor efficacy and lack of predictive toxicology. Early integration of target validation tools is essential in the modern CNS drug development process. Technology evaluation in pathophysiology-relevant animal models is critical to early internal decision-making processes.
During the early stages of drug development the technology evaluation in animal models is carefully considered and weight is given to model relevancy and species dependency. This is further complicated by the lack of existing animal models that mimic any given human CNS disorder adequately. The paucity of existing disease modifying agents, such as in the Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis disease and in strokes, only serves as a testament to the complexity of developing CNS (central nervous system) targeted drugs.
The search for disease modifying agents needs a strong basis of well established animal models that will enable to study very accurately the effect of new substances on the central nervous system.
Such models are created by companies that expertise in testing those new drugs for the pharmacological industry and providing them the input that can prevent mistakes that will harm human beings.

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Pharmacology Career - What Does It Take

There are obvious benefits to being a seasoned pharmacist. However you do have to start somewhere. Learning your skills under the watchful, encouraging eye of an established pharmacist is a gift in and of itself. Beginning as a technician and working your way toward the goal of being a lead pharmacist is an admirable journey.

Once you are established as a pharmacist you will understand what anyone who trusts a stranger to fill life saving prescriptions for them understands. There is an element of blind faith in first a physician's ability to diagnose an illness or syndrome. Then there is a second chance to practice blind faith when you trust the pharmacist who prepares that prescription for you and your loved ones.
Though there are many jobs that a pharmacist and pharmacy technician's carry out, the true gift behind being an effective pharmacist is the ability to know your patients on a personal level. There have been accounts where by a pharmacist will discover one or more medication that are not suitable to your conditions or illness. And there are times when a pharmacist will discover medicine that simply does not interact in a positive manner with another medicine that is prescribed to one person.
Though it is not a common occurrence, physicians will not always consider all that needs to be considered where a single patient is concerned. Perhaps this mistake begins with a patient not doing their part and sharing all aspects of their health and personal life so that a physician can do his or her job correctly.
That is where a patient utilizing the same pharmacy and hopefully a consistent pharmacist's involvement is an asset to his or her overall health and well being. So when you are choosing a pharmacy to participate in your health care you might wish to consider how many times you see the same faces behind the counter.
The beauty of choosing the right pharmacy and pharmacists and pharmacy technicians is that unlike a physicians office where you have to pay astronomical initial fees to "taste test" a physician and his or her office workers, it costs nothing to ask around, call around and try each and every pharmacy in your direct geography in order to find the perfect choice for you.
Finding a conscientious pharmacist who has your best interest at heart is not difficult. The overall version of a pharmacy must be taken in account also. Business hours are important. We don't always get sick or need prescriptions filled from nine to five, Monday through Friday.
As we all know, Murphy's Law applies to things such as this and the minute your doctors office closes on Friday afternoon is right about the time your child becomes ill. If you have a repertoire and familial connection with your doctors office and more importantly your child's pediatricians office then you know you can contact someone and get a prescription called in that will aid in the effective cure of your child. With out a pharmacy that is open and operating this prescription does you little good.
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ACLS Pharmacology - Magnesium Sulfate

Magnesium Sulfate is a chemical compound that contains sulfur, oxygen and magnesium. It has been used for years for medical purposes such as in forms of magnesium hydroxides and oxides in antacids, and magnesium salicylates for analgesics. Also magnesium salts are used for constipation. Magnesium Sulfate is also used in advanced cardiac life support as a intravenous IV push or infusion. This medication is classified as an antidysrhythmia and works to reverse the effects of hypomagnesaemia that is seen after a myocardial infarction. It works to stabilize the tissue membranes.

Magnesium Sulfate has become a protocol in prehosptial care for certain types of cardiac arrhythmias, insufficiencies and cardiac death that is sudden for some patients. Magnesium deficiency is often associated with these emergency cardiac conditions. This medication is used to treat torsade de pointes, refractory VF/VT, class I torsade 8 and 11 and class IIa refractory VF/FT. Although this treatment choice is far down on the emergency protocol for prehospital treatment for VF/VT, it is not a commonly used treatment choice except when torsade is recognized early.
Torsades de pointes can be caused by a number of different causes. Some of these include diarrhea, malnutrition, alcoholism, drug interactions, dietary supplements, and certain medications like methadone, antidepressants, lithium among others. This emergency condition can also be caused by a side effect from certain anti-arrhythmias such as quinidine and sotalol. It can also be brought on by hypokalemia or hypomagnesaemia. This cardiac emergency condition may be seen with an EKG reading that is distinguishable when torsade is present.
Patients in hospital settings are sometimes given Magnesium sulfate for acute Myocardial Infarction when magnesium deficiency is known as a contributing factor to the MI. If paramedics are clearly aware that the patient is suffering from malnutrition or uses diuretics or have misused them, they can relay this information to their on-line medical control unit and Magnesium Sulfate may be ordered for administration.
Side effects associated with this medication are rare but could include drowsiness, hypotension, and circulatory collapse, absent or lowered deep tendon reflexes, diaphoresis and respiratory depression. Magnesium Sulfate is normally well tolerated.

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Pharmacology Application On Your iPad 2: A Great Tool For Doctors

Medical Practitioners such as physicians are professionals that are always on the go. Starting your way from college up to grabbing that license as a certified Physician, you have undergone brain-racking mastery of several aspects of Medicine and all its other branches. Not to mention the numerous heavy and thick books you had to take with you to master strategies on how to promote, cure, and rehabilitate an individual's health. Being a physician is one big task to maintain the integrity of your profession and the expectations asked of you to be regarded as one of the most effective and efficient in your field.

There are several specializations in Medicine. Whether it is Cardiology, Oncology (Cancer Medicine), Obstetrics and Gynecology, or Neurology, 1 essential aspect of your practice is Pharmacology. Pharmacology is a branch of medicine that is about the study of drugs and its effects to the human body. It is about the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. In addition, it is the study of interaction, drug composition, toxicology, and therapeutic capabilities.
Pharmacology too has many other branches, but what is most essential is understanding it and mastering it in order to effectively promote and restore a sick individual's health. It may be quite difficult having to master all the properties that each medication has. Many parameters must be taken into consideration when prescribing a particular dosage, route of administration and duration of the drug to be taken.
But now behold, the iPad 2, which has many Pharmacology apps to guide you while you are mobile or anywhere. The pharmacology application features all the various drug literature that give detailed description of a particular drug, its effects, dosage instructions, contraindications, side effects, other brand names, and route of administration. Physicians could definitely rely on these pharmacology applications. It gives a detailed guide of how these drugs affect the systemic integrity of an individual. The iPad 2 with these apps comes very handy to physicians who need a close monitoring of their patients drug history and possible drug treatments to add to their patients' health profile.
Moreover, apart from that handy iPad 2 pharmacology application, you wouldn't want your iPad 2 to be compromised by so many factors. It is therefore advisable to avail of an iPad 2 insurance policy within the first few months after acquiring your new unit. Working consistently with your iPad can expose it to a greater chance of being dropped or damaged by liquids.
The iPad 2 insurance comes with damage, liquid damage, and loss or theft coverage, which extends Internationally to keep your iPad 2 safeguarded from all unwanted probabilities. With the iPad 2, your patients' health is secured at your hands with these great medical apps to help you out.

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What is Pharmacology?

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their origins, chemical structures, administration, action metabolism and excretion.
Pharmacology has changed. Originally a scientific discipline that described the effects of biologically active chemicals, pharmacology now explores the molecular mechanisms of which drugs cause bio reactions. In the broadest sense, pharmacology is the study of how chemical agents, both natural and synthetic (i.e., drugs) affect biological systems.
Drugs may be given to the patient by injection, orally, rectally, inhalation and applied topically. The term bioavailability devotes the proportion of drugs, which reaches the circulation. If swallowed only a portion will be circulated. Absorption will depend on the physical properties of the drug. Absorption will depended on the physical properties of the drug. Absorption will depend on the physical properties of the drug. Absorption will depend on the physical properties of the drugs, which reached the circulation.
It drugs are given intravenously the bioavailability is 100%. If swallowed only a portion will be circulated. Absorption maybe modified by the rate at which the stomach empties the presence or absence of food or disease of the gastro-intestinal tract.
After absorption, drugs enter the blood stream and are carried around the body. Drugs are metabolized products, which may be excreted through the kidneys, and if they have any disease or if they are damaged excretion may be delayed.
Some factors that may modify drug response:
A). Size and height of the patient.
B) Age of the patent
C) Genetic Factor
D) Nutritional factor
E) Illness

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